You get up one bright and shinning morning and decide to go out and pick some fresh tomatos... only to find this horrific sight: Your formerly beautiful tomato plants have been ravished by giant, four inch long worms. This bad dream can be a reality in many parts of North America, and unfortunately our garden was recently introduced to this menacing creature -- the Tomato Hornworm and Tobacco Hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata L. and Manduca sexta L., respectively).
Background
At four inches long, Tomato Hornworms and Tobacco Hornworms are large, fat, and green worms with five pairs of prolegs and have a distinctive 'horn' on their rear. Hornworms are known to cause extensive damage to tomato plants, although it won't shy away from taking big bites out of your pepper, eggplant, potato plants (Solanaceae family, i.e. nightshade family) and occasionally green fruit as well. They eat the leaves of the plant and may nibble on green unripe fruit but they typically won't burrow and seldom bite ripening fruit. Hornworms are one of the largest caterpillars in America and are impressive in size and bulk. The only thing more impressive than their size is their appetite--hornworm can make quick work of your plants overnight.
Closely related to the Tabacco Hornworm, the Tomato Hornworm is known by a number of other variant names (tomato worm, tomato horned worm, green tomato worm, tomato fruit worm, etc). Tomato Hornworms and Tobacco Hornworms are often confused as they look similar and it is not uncommon to find a Tobacco Hornworm on a tomato plant and a Tomato Hornworm on a tobacco plant. You can distinguish the two worms fairly quickly: the Tobacco Hornworm has seven diagonal white stripes and a red horn while the Tomato Hornworm tend to have V-shaped marks on each side and their horn is straighter and typically blue or black in color. Tobacco Hornworms tend to prefer the southern United States while the Tomato Hornworm tends to prefer the northern US. While extremely large and slow pests, they are frustratingly difficult to spot due to their shape and color and tend to hide on the underside of the plant. Hornworms also have distinctive droppings which are large and black and tend to accumulate on the ground underneath the plants they are infesting.
So where do these giant green tomato devouring worms come from? They are the larvae either the Five-Spotted Hawk Moth (Tomato Hornworm) or the Sphinx Moth (Tobacco Hornworm). Hawk moths lay their eggs on the underside of the plants leaves where they hatch and eat at the leaves and the green fruit of the plant. Disliking direct sunlight hornworms spend their days eating on the interior of the plant, emerging to feed on the outer leaves at night (thus they are most easily spotted at dusk or dawn). Hornworms have five larval stages, after which the caterpillars typically enter the soil to pupate, only to emerge as a large moth. Hawk moths, with a large wingspan (3.5cm to 15cm; Five-Spotted Hawk Moths are typically 10-13cm / 4-5 inches), are some of the fastest known insects, capable of flying over 30 miles per hour. Some hawk moths are even capable of hovering while they consume nectar from flowers, much like a hummingbird would. Spotting the moth of hornworm caterpillars is difficult because they mainly travel at night.
Frequently hornworms are found with a number of white cocoons attached to its. DO NOT KILL THIS TOMATO WORM! These white sacks are not the caterpillar's eggs--quite the opposite!--the white cocoons are the pupae of the Braconid Wasp. These wasps are parasitic insects that prey on hornworms. These wasps hunt down our garden pests, inject their eggs into their prey where the eggs hatch into larvae and begin eating the internal organs of the hornworm. After these "maggots" have matured they bore through the skin of the hornworm and proceed to spin a cocoon and attach themselves to the worm. From the cocoons emerge adult Braconid Wasp which will begin hunting for other Tomato Hornworms and Tobacco Hornworms to feast upon.

Hints on Spotting Hornworms
- Search for the tomato worms at dusk & dawn. Tomato worms dislike the heat of direct sunlight and eat from the underside of the leaves during the day; they emerge as the sunsets. Due to their color and shape they are very difficult to spot when in plain view, so hunting for them while they are hiding makes them extremely difficult to find.
- Droppings. Hornworms are voracious eaters and produce a lot of large, black droppings underneath the plant they have infested. The droppings look almost like little black grenades. Follow the trail and you are likely to find a hornworm.

- White pupas. Look for these on the ground or on apparent "branches". These are likely parasitic wasp cocoons and can help you find tomato worms.
- Try a blacklight. Some have reported great success hunting for the worms at night by using a black light to help spot the worms.
- Follow the destruction. When all else fails, follow the path of destruction in your garden.
Eliminating this Pest from your Garden
- White Cocoons = Don't Kill! Leave the hornworm where it is. It is most likely fairly developed and already done most of the damage it can. The white sacks attached to the worm are Wasp which will soon emerge to hunt down and kill other hornworms. This is Yahweh's natural biological "insecticide".
- Till your soil. Before you plant your tomatoes rototill your garden soil as this will kill the eggs that were laid in the soil in the winter months. This will prevent moths from emerging in your soil and immediately assaulting your garden.
- Pick them off. Using the tips above to spot them, remove them with your hands or a stick. If they lack white cocoons you can cut them in half with garden shears, drowned in a bucket of water, squished, or fed to the birds.
- Chickens. Some gardeners have reported that bantam chickens will hunt for the worms and remove them from your plants.
- Natural bug repellants. Some have reported that red pepper (dust or liquid) can deter hornworms; others have reported that a mixture of water, vegetable oil, and liquid ivory soap sprayed onto your plants may help make your plants unsatisfying to tomato worms.

- Insecticides. Your garden can be made Hornworms-resistant by the use of chemicals like bacillus thuringiensis, carbarl, permethrin, spinosad, sevin dust/liquid, dipel dust, etc (read the label carefully and do some research before using). Bacullus thuringiensis (BT) is an insecticide that attacks the digestive system of some insects and is not typically considered harmful to humans.
- Insect Collection. Collect the worms (either pull them off or snip the branch they are on) and put them in a jar with a lid with small holes. It will form a cocoon and emerge as a large moth. Your children may enjoy this science experiment! It is also rumored that they are very aggressive and when placed in a closed container with other worms they will fight.
References and Helpful Links
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Comments
On second thought...
Maybe putting large pictures of worms was NOT a good idea for a recipe site! Haha, well, this may be helpful to some gardeners out there. Remember: If you see those little white cocoons don't kill the worm!
Thanks Joshua!
What a way to get acquainted with Tammy's Recipe site! I found one of these critters on one of my tomato plants last night! I couldn't figure out what had been gnawing away at my green tomatoes. We thought we had a rat or something! I will be checking the rest of my plants very carefully. This guy sure ravished the plant I found him on, ate all my new flowers and only left a couple small tomatoes. Just as you said, the two ripening ones are intact thankfully. We snipped off the branch he was on and put him in my son's bug keeper for the kids can watch him transform. Thanks again for the great information!
Hornworms
I am so glad you put this out here. We found this worm with the white cocoons on our tomatoes plants. Very creepy. We had no idea what to make of it. We put it in a jar, started some research, and found your site. Now we know we need to put it back. We also know now what's been eating our plants and we can start looking for others.
This was extremely helpful even if it may not be the most favorable thing for a recipe site. Don’t remove it. I think gardeners will find it helpful.
Thanks from Ohio
hornworms with cocoons
I acutally found a hornworm today while I was tearing down my tomato plants (they have been destroyed) The worm I found today had the white cocoons all over it. I placed the worm in the bag along with the dead plants. Why do you say "we need to put it back"? Is it bad to kill them?
thanks From Pittsburgh
The Wasp Protect the Tomatos
The cacoons are wasp larva. They will kill the horn worms and when they become adults will attack adult horn worms. They are a natural pestiside!
Those are horrible worms! I
Those are horrible worms! I dislike "collecting" them. :) So far I ahve not had them in my garden, but growing up we use to have to look for them, some years worse then others.
~Tanya
They give me a creepy feeling!
Because they get so FAT and yukky!! I can't stand the things!! I'm glad they're staying out of your garden! :)
Wow!
Thanks for posting this, Tammy! Last year was our first to have have a problem with such a critter, when I noticed that one of our tomato plants had dramatically reduced in size.
So far this year, I haven't seen any, and I hope not to, as we have some gorgeous plants out there and already have had some of the best tomatoes ever, from them.
The credit goes to...
Joshua actually wrote the article for me. :) I'm blessed because he helps me with this website so much!!
My parents' tomato plants are just starting to produce and they have lots of the worms this year... so maybe you're not going to get any worms this season! :)
EW!
Tammy, I come to your site so I can drool over pictures of yummy FOOD, not have this monstrosity of a creature staring at me!!;-)
Should I mail you one? ;)
They are more disgusting "in person" than in these photos! ha! :)
Thank you!
Thank you for your help. You identified a tobacco horn worm for me. I was out walking along my tomato plants and saw this extremely ugly worm and wondered what the heck it was!...lol So I just googled "giant tomato worm" and here you have taught me all about them. Thank you!
PS. This one didn't have the wasp larvea on it, but if it did, I would have to kill it anyways!....lol
Thank you!!
Thank you! You have just helped me identify a nasty looking horned tobacco worm.
I was out walking in my tomato garden when I noticed the fat ugly thing and wondered what the heck it was...lol
I just googled "giant tomato worm" and here you have taught me all about them. Thank you!
PS. This one didn't have the wasp larvae on it, but if it did, I think I would have to kill it anyways!...eeeewwwwwww!!!!lol
hornworm
My kids are so excited about their new pet hornworms. Yesterday they set up a petting zoo of hornworms in front of the house. There were few visitors.....hmmm wonder why? Anyway, they can't wait for them to change to moths. Thanks for the info!
Thank YOU!!!
I must thank you also. This was the most informative and not technical explaination of these ugly, creepy and nasty critters.
I sure hope to NOT have them in my garden next year.
Good Luck and God Bless!
Jacki
YUKK!
MY science teacher dropped one on me! While it had wasp larvae on it! Worst day eva=(
I HATE these things!
I just stumbled on half a dozen of these on my tomato plants tonight. Some were as big as three inches and thick as a pencil!
Needless to say I was completely horrified. I can pull off tiny little inchworms with my hands, but no way was I grabbing one of those. I snipped off the branches into a coffee can and tossed them in the garbage.
Horrible, horrible creatures!
I'm seriously put off my dinner!
Speaking of bugs...
This is a little late, but since everyone is talking about their disgusting insect encounters, I might as well join the fray. The day this was posted I arrived at work early in the morning. The two night staff said to me, "Guess what! We have a new pet!!" and proceeded to open a large plastic container holding the largest insect I have ever seen. "Aahh!!" I said; my first thought being, "A fuzzy cockroach?" It was at least 4" long. I live in a relatively cold area, so we don't get many insects larger than two inches. Anyway, one of the residents (it's a senior's lodge) overheard us talking about this thing (we were going to call the museum as they have a big bug department), and said it was probably a junebug.
Okay, that's enough bug for me. I'm going to bed!
Kathleen
awsome caterpillar
i was waiting for my dad and he came in with 2 hornworms on a tomato plant. i put them in a jar and named them
now i have 5 pets!!!!!!
James
Awsome!!!!!!!
I was waiting for my parents to come home and my Dad came in with a tomatoe plant with 2 Tobacco Horn Worms on it. I put them in a jar and named them. Me and my mom did research and found out what type of caterpillar they were. They poo a lot! They ate almost a whole egg plant in less than a week. They are awesome catepillars. I can't wait for them to grow!Thanks, James
cool
I am doing the same thing! I have seven horn worms in an old fish tank that I have. Two of them dug into the soil that I had put in last night. It was really cool to see. I saw somthing that not a lot of people get a chance to see. I hope they make it through the final stage.
I think they are pretty!
These worms are the most beautiful creatures I have ever seen on the face of this earth! They make me all warm and fuzzy inside.
Good Job for posting picures of the pretty worms on your website!
Destroyer
Thank you for helping me pin point the monster who has gobbled up my datura's! I was so excited one day as I saw my hard work to grow my daturas was paying off and finally had two blooms coming up! As I starting looking closer I noticed there was a hole at the base of the bud. As I looked even closer this monster popped out! On several other occaisoins I have seen one or even two on my beautiful datura's. My husband decide to put a small plastic cup around the base of the plant thus preventing this horrible creature from climbing up to the precious leaves of our plants. Worked like a charm! Try it on all your veggys that stand tall.
tomato hornworm hunting.
Thank You for posting the tip about using a blacklight to hunt the hornworms at night. I discovered this, years ago, and have had great success in searching for the little critters. I use a fluorescent desk lamp with a blacklight bulb, on a long extention cord. They stand out among the foliage, and are easy to pick off. I have tried to alert the world about my discovery, but this is the first actual mention I have seen, apart from my tip to Mother Earth News a few years ago.
bug juice
read a reader's digest and it suggested that you make a homebrew by making an insecticide out of them do you think its okay to do that and spray it on the plants?
how to get rid of them
i think the thing is ewwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww DO YOU ?
these nasty green worms
These worms not only eat tomatoe and tobacco plants but I have a beautiful flowering huge (before the worms have devoured it) plant that they have eaten. I have found eight of them so far. I made the oil,water, and soap solution to spray on all of the leaves and hopefully this will work.
i hate tomato worms!
tomato worms are the worst pests ive had to deal with.
i hate tomato worms more than you do!!!!
joshua, what do you do when you see a tomato worm on the branch what do you do to it? what i do is throw them as high in the air as i can, then when it comes down it hits the ground so hard it spats! that is the most fun way to kill it!!!!!!!!
Last season: 10 to 20 tomato worms a day
Last season (my first season in new home) I was picking off 10 to 20 tomato worms off 4 tomato plants a day. I am not joking. I want to still have an organic garden, but I just don't think I can stand picking them off again. Is there ANYTHING that will get rid of these beasts? Desperate in CA.
Thank You :-D
Thank You for the article! We are a hs family and are getting ready to do a unit study on the book 'Meet Addy'. One of the topics we want to study is the Tabacco Worm, I didn't find much info until I came to your page...thank you...and thanks to to all your responders, especailly the ones who have decided to keep the worms as observation experiments...I know my girls would LOVE to watch how these worms change into moths.
YahChna in TN
Praise Yahweh!
visit me at my blog
www.cheshiersjourney.blogspot.com
New Pets...maybe
Well! I've found only one in the garden last summer, but THREE this season. The tomato plants haven't suffered much, just a few wilting leaves. The worms have been named and are currently acting as pets. Sadly, most of the hornworms I see have wasp pupae on them and die within days. However, I've found some that are huge (at least 4 inches in length and as thick as my finger) that seem pretty healthy. My sister screamed like a banshee when she saw the newest members of our household. I don't know - I think they're kinda cute.
Thank God I'm not the only one!
I have found 4 of these buggers on my tomato plants and couldn't figure out what they are. With this article I now know what they are and what to look for. I have cut each one frm the plant they were eating andtossing them in the alley behind my house. I covered them in weed killer, sprayed Lysol on them and 1 managed to find it's way back to my plants. Is there no killing them? There is no way in hell I will be touching them. The last one I found I putit in a plastic bag and threw it in the garbage. I hope the sucker fry's in the hot sun tomorrow. I have tried the oil, and dishsoap solution and nothing has worked. I will definitely be turning the soil in the fall to make sure there are none next year. I so look forwar to my tomatoes every year and this year I am quite upset.
Thank you for posting this article, it was very informative.
Can you spray anything on these pests to kill them on the plant?
Can you spray anything on these pests to kill them on the plant without harming the plant? All of a sudden my 4 nice healthy tomato plants are infested with these nasty hornworms. I can't stand looking at them, much less picking them off the plants with gloved hands and dumping them in a soapy bucket of water, as I've seen recommended. HELP!
Bacullus thuringiensis
Just wanted to tell you that Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium, not a chemical insecticide as you stated in your article. I have used it for years and it is absolutely devastating for any kind of caterpillar infestation. The caterpillars eat a few of these bacteria and immediately develop terminal indigestion. Another great thing about Bacillus thuringiensis is that it is completely safe for any animals to eat so if a "treated" caterpillar is eaten by a bird it isn't dangerous at all for the bird. Also, it is totally safe for people to eat as our systems are not susceptible to it -- so don't fret about spraying it on your tomatoes. It also works great on the little caterpillars that devastate petunias. I use "Safer" brand's "Caterpillar Killer".
Ernie and Bert
Thanks for the info...my son and I were excited to find out what type of worm the creepy green things were. We have still not decided whether or not we will keep Ernie and Bert or try something else to dispose of the dastardly duo. I will say they are hardy critters though. when I found them by surprise I cut off the branch they were attached to and put in tupperware with the lid sealed (no holes). Needless to say, when I came home from work13 hours later they were still alive. They must be anaerobes. Anyway, thanks for solving our mystery.
Thanks for the information!
I just found one of these giants on my tomato plant with a bunch of the white sacs on it's back. I showed my husband and kids - we're all amazed at the size! Thanks so much for this site. Great information and awesome pictures!
I kinda like the horn worms...
We found three of them this week and brought them inside to raise. The girls have been picking leaves off my tomato plants to feed them! One of the three has the wasp larvae coming out of it, so we don't expect it to live. Anyway, what can I say? We love bugs!
fish bait
Throw some of these worms in your neighborhood pond and watch what the fish do to them !!
Honeysuckle vines
My poor honeysuckles. All summer long they were healthy and growing strong. We went away for a long weekend to come home and find them stripped of greenery and all that is left are brown twigs and about 500 tomato worms.... *deep sigh* So now my husband is off in search of an insecticide.
Topsy Turvy vs. tomato worms
will it stop them and if not, will some kind of netting work?
Hornworm Cycle
Moth lays eggs on plant.
Worms eat plant.
Pupa overwinters in/or near garden in the soil.
Moth emerges in early May.
http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05517.html
tomato worm WOW..!!!
WE HAVE ONE PLANT.. ITS UPSIDE DOWN... IT WORKS GREAT..LOTS OF SOIL AND WATER IT EVERY DAY AT LEAST 1gal. of water per day. The worms I thought would not get to the plant, but duuuaaa..the soil. I thank they engineer the soil with these lavra (eggs), just where we have to buy the peper, sevensdust, etc. to reap the fruit... Huh FRIED GREEN TOMATOES ARE THE BEST...IT WORTH THE WORK. by the way we used needle nose pliers to remove the worms,pulling them from the back where there leggs are attached to the plant,they will not come pull-a-part from that end...still have not tryed the BLACK lite will do that before leaving for Fla.
something just killed one of my plant no worm
cant find the answer for what would of killed just one plant out of 18 and they are waist high went out yesterday to water and it just lokked wilted? So watered it and went back out in the evening and its no better trying to save the plant but this morning no bettere what to do atleast if I know the cause I can make sure it doesn't happen to my whole garden.. Thanks hopefully someone can help... Carol
re- something killed one of my plants
Carol - If the plant just looks wilted (leaves curled, etc) it is probably a lack of calcium. You can add crushed egg shells around the base of the plant or find a fertilizer that is high in calcium.
home remedy killed my tomato plants
You recommended a mixture of water, vegetable oil, and liquid ivory soap sprayed onto your plants may help make your plants unsatisfying to tomato worms. Well, I did this and it killed my tomato plants. I should have stuck to chemicals. My bad for listening to a recipe site for insect info.
tobacco hornworm on my fuschia?
Great post! I have been trying to identify the grenade-like pellets this caterpillar that appeared on my fuschia plant was leaving behind. All other sites I visited suggested that caterpillar poop looks like mouse or rabbit droppings or pellets, but yours has the greatest pic and that is exactly what he is leaving behind, remnants of my lovely plant! But, I ask, why would we find a tobacco hornworm on my fuschia plant in Los Angeles, newly-purchased from a health-food type store (Trader Joe's)? He's grown huge and I have let him have the run of the plant b/c we don't get much wildlife like that here :), but do you think he's infecting other plants? I have not seen any other hornworms, ever. What do you think? Thanks!
hornworm natural solution
I have had amazing sucess using a peppermint oil emulsion. for a small batch just use 4 ozs of water a teaspoon of milk or other emulsifier and 20-30 drops of peppermint essential oil.
Help! How To Apply Hornworm natural solution
How do you apply this mixture? I'm a beginner. Do you spray it all over plant, or pour into soil? Please help! I've never seen one, have plenty of droppings, and feel so crepy about them. Thanx
tomato worms
I like the sound of the ivory soap, water and vegetable oil mixture but how is it mixed in thirds or what, can you help me I would like to use it on my tomatoes for I am haveing a very ruff time getting rid of them.
horn worms
Roll them in cornmeal along with your green tomatos and fry them;you get rid of them and can enjoy them all at one time....................
Making sure they don't crawl back.
When I was a kid, my mom grew tomatoes in the back yard (in N.Ca), and one of our chores on the chore chart was to go out everynight and morning to inspect the plants, and pull off any tomato worms we found. (We just used our fingers (they are not squishy or slimy at all), so I kinda laugh at the other posts about pliers, etc.) On 4 to 8 plants, there would ALWAYS be several. To be sure they couldn't crawl back to the plants, we just cut them in half with a pair of pruning snips dedicated to the task. I guess it may sound kinda gruesome to those unfamiliar with this pest, but as a kid, it was just part of gardening, and a quick death seemed more humane than waiting & hoping for heat or starvation to do the job. ... just my 2 cents...
Hornworms
I (had) six beautiful tomato plants loaded with tomatoes. My husband went in the hospital and I came back about 48 hours later and one plant was demolished and two others started on. That first night I got 17 tomatoe worms off and drowned. Now three days later i am up to 27 worms. I hope thats the end but I have my doubts. This is the first chance I've had to find out what to do about them. They will squirt you with green ?? and I have had two bite my finger but not break the skin. Drowning works really well
Totally Grossed Out
My husband picked two off of my tomato plants and they were about three inches long. He put them in a jar with plastic over the top secured by a rubber band so he could show the nieces and nephews. He got up from work and they were both still alive and in the jar. I got up a few hours later and looked and they were both gone! I thought he had taken them outside. I asked him about it when he got home from work and he laughed and said no he hadn't. I thought he was joking. Later on this evening I found out he wasn't! I saw one of them crawling across my living room floor! I can't find the other one. Do they eat each other? Because I'm hoping they do, or I still have one in my house!
Critters
I walked out to the garden this afternoon and saw my pepper plants in dismay. At first I thought it may have been the deer that have been roaming around lately. On closer examination I saw the pile of poop on the ground under the plants. Well what do you know huge caterpillers on me cayenne, jalapeno and green pepper plants. Did a search and led me here to identify these fowl critters. Thanks for posting this article. It was informative.
Hope they are gone!
This is what I did, and my grandma has done it for years, and it works. I took a bar of ivory bar soap, and sliced up about 1/4 of it. I put it in a windex sized spray bottle, added hot water and shook it up until disolved. I sprayed it on my tomato and pepper plants, and I haven't had another issue. I of course mist them down again after a heavy rain.
I would be scared to add the oil with the 100 degree temps lately. I'm scared it would burn/cook my plants. The way wearing baby oil out in the sun burns your skin.
Hope this helps.
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